phenol class 12 notes pdf |NEB|organic chemistry|

Sumit Rajak December 05, 2022

Here,in this post you will gets the notes of "properties and preparation of PHENOL" and all the organic conversion which is related about PHENOL for Grade XII.

Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is a chemical compound that belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aromatic compounds. It is an organic compound that is composed of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic ring. Phenol is a white crystalline solid that has a distinctive odor and is highly toxic.

Structure of Phenol:

Phenol has a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a benzene ring. The benzene ring is composed of six carbon atoms that are arranged in a planar, cyclic structure. The carbon atoms in the benzene ring are sp2 hybridized and are each bonded to two other carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom. The hydroxyl group is attached to one of the carbon atoms in the benzene ring, replacing one of the hydrogen atoms.

Physical Properties of Phenol:

Phenol is a white crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and most organic solvents. It has a distinctive odor that is often described as being sweet and slightly medicinal. Phenol has a melting point of 40.5 °C and a boiling point of 182.2 °C. It is highly toxic and can cause severe burns and tissue damage upon contact with skin or mucous membranes.

Chemical Properties of Phenol:

Phenol is a weak acid and can ionize to form a phenoxide ion (C6H5O-) and a hydrogen ion (H+). The acidity of phenol is due to the stabilization of the phenoxide ion by resonance delocalization of the negative charge around the benzene ring. Phenol can undergo a variety of reactions, including electrophilic aromatic substitution, oxidation, and esterification.

Preparation of Phenol:

Phenol can be prepared by a variety of methods, including the cumene process, the Dow process, and the Raschig-Hooker process. The cumene process involves the reaction of propylene with benzene in the presence of a catalyst to form cumene, which is then oxidized to form phenol and acetone. The Dow process involves the oxidation of benzene with air or oxygen in the presence of a catalyst to form phenol and cyclohexanone. The Raschig-Hooker process involves the reaction of chlorobenzene with sodium hydroxide in the presence of copper to form phenol and sodium chloride.

Applications of Phenol:

Phenol is used in a variety of industrial and laboratory applications, including as a precursor for the production of plastics, resins, and adhesives. It is also used as a disinfectant, an antiseptic, and a preservative in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Phenol is a common reagent in organic synthesis reactions, such as the synthesis of aspirin. In addition, phenol is used in the production of nylon, detergents, and herbicides.

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