aldehydes and ketones and benzaldehyde class 12 notes pdf |NEB| Organic chemistry|

Here,in this post you will gets the notes of "properties and preparation of ALDEHYDE, KETONES and BENZALDEHYDE" and all the organic conversion which is related about ALDEHYDE , KETONES and BENZALDEHYDE for Grade XII.

Aldehydes and ketones are two classes of organic compounds that contain a carbonyl functional group, which is a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. The carbonyl group is a polar functional group that imparts characteristic properties to aldehydes and ketones.

Aldehydes:

Aldehydes are organic compounds in which a carbonyl group (-CHO) is attached to a carbon atom that is not part of an aromatic ring. The name of an aldehyde is derived from the corresponding alkane by replacing the -e suffix with -al. For example, methanal is the simplest aldehyde, which is also known as formaldehyde. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is located at the end of the carbon chain.

Ketones:

Ketones are organic compounds in which a carbonyl group (-CO) is attached to a carbon atom that is part of the carbon chain. The name of a ketone is derived from the corresponding alkane by replacing the -e suffix with -one. For example, propanone is the simplest ketone, which is also known as acetone. The carbonyl group in ketones is located within the carbon chain.

Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones:

Aldehydes and ketones have similar physical properties due to the presence of the carbonyl functional group. They are both polar compounds that have higher boiling points than alkanes of similar molecular weight. The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones increase with increasing molecular weight and the presence of hydrogen bonding in the molecules. Aldehydes and ketones are both soluble in polar solvents such as water and alcohols, but are not soluble in nonpolar solvents such as hexane.

Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones:

Aldehydes and ketones undergo a variety of chemical reactions due to the presence of the carbonyl group. They can be oxidized to form carboxylic acids, reduced to form alcohols, and undergo nucleophilic addition reactions with nucleophiles such as amines, alcohols, and cyanide ions. Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones due to the higher polarity of the carbonyl group and the absence of a bulky substituent at the carbonyl carbon.

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones:

Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by a variety of methods, including the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols, respectively. Aldehydes can also be prepared by the oxidation of primary alcohols with mild oxidizing agents such as pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) or the Swern oxidation. Ketones can be prepared by the oxidation of secondary alcohols with stronger oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate or chromic acid. Aldehydes and ketones can also be prepared by the reaction of alkenes with ozone followed by reduction with zinc or sodium borohydride.

Applications of Aldehydes and Ketones:

Aldehydes and ketones are important intermediates in organic synthesis and are used in the production of a variety of chemicals and materials. They are used in the production of plastics, resins, and fibers, as well as in the pharmaceutical and perfume industries. Formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, is used as a disinfectant and preservative in medical and laboratory settings. Acetone, the simplest ketone, is used as a solvent in the laboratory and in industrial processes. Aldehydes and ketones are also important in biochemistry as intermediates in metabolic pathways and as signaling molecules.

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aldehydes , ketones and Benzaldehyde class 12 notes pdf |NEB| Organic chemistry|

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