ether notes class 12 [PDF] || organic chemistry || NEB ||

 Here,in this post you will gets the complete notes of  "ether" chapter for class 12.

Ethers are organic compounds that contain an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms. The general formula for ethers is R-O-R', where R and R' are alkyl or aryl groups. Ethers are relatively unreactive due to the stability of the ether oxygen atom, which has a partial negative charge.

Structure of Ethers:

Ethers have a central oxygen atom that is sp3 hybridized and has two unshared pairs of electrons. The oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms, which can be either alkyl or aryl groups. The ether oxygen is less polar than the hydroxyl (-OH) group found in alcohols, but still has some polarity due to its electronegativity.

Physical Properties of Ethers:

Ethers have lower boiling points than alcohols and have weaker intermolecular forces due to their lack of hydrogen bonding. Ethers are relatively unreactive towards most chemical reactions, although they can react with strong acids to form unstable peroxides. Ethers are generally less soluble in water than alcohols due to their weaker polarity.

Chemical Properties of Ethers:

Ethers are relatively unreactive towards most chemical reactions, but can undergo some reactions under certain conditions. Ethers can be cleaved into two alcohols or alkyl halides in the presence of strong acids such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or hydroiodic acid (HI). Ethers can also be oxidized to form peroxides in the presence of air and light.

Preparation of Ethers:

Ethers can be prepared by a variety of methods, such as Williamson ether synthesis, acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols, and reaction of alkyl halides with alkoxide ions. Williamson ether synthesis involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with an alkyl halide to form an ether. Acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols involves the removal of a molecule of water from an alcohol molecule to form an ether. Reaction of alkyl halides with alkoxide ions involves the reaction of an alkyl halide with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form an alkoxide ion, which then reacts with another alkyl halide to form an ether.

Applications of Ethers:

Ethers are used as solvents in a variety of industrial and laboratory applications due to their low boiling points and relative inertness. Diethyl ether was historically used as an anesthetic in medicine, but has been largely replaced by safer anesthetics. Some ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), are commonly used as reagents in organic synthesis reactions. Other ethers, such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), are used as gasoline additives to improve octane ratings and reduce emissions.

Here, you can find complete solution of ether chapter for class 12 in pdf design.In this pdf contains physical and chemical properties of ether, preparation of ether and all the organic conversion of ether chapter.you can download the pdf file by clicking download button icon. Share it with your friend.keep learning.Thank you.

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