Organic chemistry class 12 notes [PDF]|NEB| Organic chemistry||

Organic chemistry class 12 notes

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Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds and their properties, structures, and reactions. It is one of the most important branches of chemistry and has numerous applications in medicine, materials science, and industry. Organic chemistry is concerned with the study of organic molecules, which are molecules that contain carbon atoms bonded to other atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements.

Some of the important classes of organic compounds include:

1. Alkanes: 

Alkanes are the simplest type of organic compounds and are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by single covalent bonds. They are also known as paraffins and have the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkanes are relatively unreactive and are commonly used as solvents, fuels, and lubricants.

2. Alkenes: 

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. They have the general formula CnH2n and are more reactive than alkanes. Alkenes are used in the production of plastics, synthetic rubbers, and solvents.

3. Alkynes: 

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. They have the general formula CnH2n-2 and are even more reactive than alkenes. Alkynes are used in the production of synthetic fibers, plastics, and rubber.

4. Aromatic compounds: 

Aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that contain at least one benzene ring. The benzene ring is a six-membered ring with alternating double bonds, making it highly stable and resistant to chemical reactions. Aromatic compounds have a wide range of applications, including in the production of dyes, fragrances, and pharmaceuticals.

5. Alcohols: 

Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a carbon atom. They have the general formula R-OH, where R is a hydrocarbon chain. Alcohols are commonly used as solvents, fuels, and antiseptics, and can also be used in the production of plastics, pharmaceuticals, and detergents.

6. Ethers: 

Ethers are organic compounds that contain an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms. They have the general formula R-O-R', where R and R' are hydrocarbon chains. Ethers are commonly used as solvents and as intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals and perfumes.

7. Ketones: 

Ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms. They have the general formula R-CO-R', where R and R' are hydrocarbon chains. Ketones are used in the production of solvents, pharmaceuticals, and plastics.

8. Aldehydes: 

Aldehydes are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and a carbon atom. They have the general formula R-CHO, where R is a hydrocarbon chain. Aldehydes are used in the production of perfumes, dyes, and plastics.

9. Carboxylic acids: 

Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) bonded to a carbon atom. They have the general formula R-COOH, where R is a hydrocarbon chain. Carboxylic acids are commonly used in the production of pharmaceuticals, food additives, and detergents.

10. Esters: 

Esters are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to an oxygen atom and a carbon atom.The general formula of esters is RCOOR', where R and R' are alkyl or aryl groups. Esters are organic compounds that are formed by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, resulting in the formation of an ester bond (-COO-). The alcohol portion of the ester is called the "alkoxy" group (-OR'), while the carboxylic acid portion is called the "acyl" group (-COOH).etc

Class 12 whole organic chemistry in OneShot

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