thermodynamics physics class 11 notes [PDF] || NEB ||PHYSICS||

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Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationship between heat, energy, and work. It is concerned with the study of the behavior of systems in which thermal energy is transferred. Thermodynamics is essential to many fields of engineering, including mechanical, chemical, and aerospace engineering.

The laws of thermodynamics:

The laws of thermodynamics are fundamental principles that govern the behavior of thermodynamic systems. They are as follows:

First law of thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that the total energy of a closed system is constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another.

Second law of thermodynamics: The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system will always increase over time. Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. This law implies that all natural processes tend towards an increase in entropy.

Third law of thermodynamics: The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero. This law provides a theoretical basis for determining the absolute zero temperature, which is the lowest temperature that can be achieved.

Thermodynamic systems and processes:

Thermodynamics deals with the behavior of systems in which thermal energy is transferred. A thermodynamic system is a region of space that is being studied. It can be defined in terms of its physical boundaries, the type of energy that is transferred, and the type of work that is done.

Thermodynamic processes describe how a system changes over time. They can be divided into four types:

Isothermal processes: Isothermal processes occur at a constant temperature. During an isothermal process, the system absorbs heat from the surroundings and expands, or releases heat to the surroundings and contracts.

Adiabatic processes: Adiabatic processes occur without the transfer of heat between the system and its surroundings. During an adiabatic process, the system either does work on the surroundings, or has work done on it by the surroundings.

Isobaric processes: Isobaric processes occur at a constant pressure. During an isobaric process, the system either absorbs heat and expands, or releases heat and contracts, while the pressure remains constant.

Isochoric processes: Isochoric processes occur at a constant volume. During an isochoric process, the system either absorbs heat and increases in temperature, or releases heat and decreases in temperature, while the volume remains constant.

Thermodynamic properties:

Thermodynamic properties are physical characteristics of a thermodynamic system that can be used to describe its state. They can be classified as either extensive or intensive properties.

Extensive properties depend on the size or amount of the system. Examples of extensive properties include mass, volume, and energy.

Intensive properties do not depend on the size or amount of the system. Examples of intensive properties include temperature, pressure, and density.

Thermodynamic equations and diagrams:

Thermodynamic equations and diagrams are tools that are used to analyze and predict the behavior of thermodynamic systems. They are essential to the study of thermodynamics.

One important thermodynamic equation is the ideal gas law, which describes the behavior of ideal gases. The ideal gas law is expressed as PV = nRT, where P is the pressure of the gas, V is its volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.

Another important thermodynamic equation is the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which relates the vapor pressure of a substance to its temperature and enthalpy of vaporization.

Thermodynamic diagrams are graphical representations of thermodynamic systems. They are useful for visualizing the behavior of a system and predicting how it will change over.

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