Are you searching for complete notes of genetics chapter for class 12.Here,in this post you will get the complete notes of genetics chapter for class 12 (NEB New Course).Trust it is very useful for CEE competitive exam.if you not get trouble,share it with the needy ones.
Genetics is the study of genes, the heredity of traits, and their variation in populations. It is a complex and rapidly developing field that plays an important role in understanding the biology of organisms, as well as human health and disease.
At the molecular level, genetics is concerned with the structure and function of DNA, the molecule that carries genetic information. DNA is composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The sequence of these bases determines the genetic code, which contains the instructions for the development, growth, and function of all living organisms.
Genetic variation arises from mutations, which are changes in the DNA sequence. Mutations can occur spontaneously, or they can be induced by environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals. Most mutations have no effect on the organism, but some can lead to changes in traits such as eye color, height, or susceptibility to disease.
Genetic information is passed from parent to offspring through the transmission of DNA. In sexually reproducing organisms, offspring inherit half of their DNA from each parent, resulting in a unique combination of genetic information. This process of inheritance is known as Mendelian genetics, named after Gregor Mendel, who conducted pioneering experiments on the inheritance of traits in pea plants in the 19th century.
Mendelian genetics describes the patterns of inheritance for single genes, which can be dominant or recessive. Dominant genes are expressed even if only one copy is present, while recessive genes are only expressed if two copies are present. For example, in humans, brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes, so a person with one brown eye gene and one blue eye gene will have brown eyes. In order for a person to have blue eyes, they must inherit two copies of the recessive blue eye gene.
In addition to single genes, many traits are controlled by multiple genes interacting with each other and with the environment. This type of inheritance is known as complex or quantitative genetics. Examples of complex traits include height, intelligence, and susceptibility to diseases such as diabetes and cancer. Identifying the specific genes involved in complex traits is a major focus of modern genetics research.
One of the most significant advances in genetics in recent decades has been the sequencing of the human genome, which was completed in 2003. The human genome contains approximately 20,000-25,000 genes, which code for the proteins that carry out most of the functions of cells and tissues in the body. The genome sequence has provided a wealth of information about the structure and function of genes, and has led to the discovery of many disease-causing mutations.
The study of genetics has important applications in many areas, including agriculture, medicine, and forensics. In agriculture, genetics is used to develop crops that are more resistant to pests and disease, and to produce livestock with desirable traits such as increased milk production or meat quality. In medicine, genetics is used to diagnose and treat genetic diseases, and to develop new therapies based on the specific genetic mutations involved in disease. In forensics, genetics is used to identify individuals based on their DNA, which can be obtained from blood, hair, or other biological samples.
In conclusion, genetics is a complex and rapidly developing field that plays an important role in understanding the biology of organisms, as well as human health and disease. At the molecular level, genetics is concerned with the structure and function of DNA, the molecule that carries genetic information. Genetic variation arises from mutations, and genetic information is transmitted from parent to offspring through the inheritance of DNA. Genetics has important applications in agriculture, medicine, and forensics, and is a key area of research for understanding and treating human disease.
Here, you will get complete notes of genetics chapter in pdf design beneath:
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